Introduction
Acknowledgments
Systematics
Format
Gross Classification of Described Species
Description and Recent Distribution of Species
Bibliography
Plates
Index to Genera and Species.
The taxonomic description and illustration of radiolarian species began in the early eighteen hundreds. Work on the taxonomy of Mesozoic and Cenozoic species florished in the late nineteenth century, and because these early studies were so impressive in size and scope, no such all-encompassing effort has been attempted since. Instead the emphasis over the last century has been more on the refinement of the taxonomy of certain forms, particularly those species and evolutionary lineages which have proven to be of interest to biostratigraphers.
In the last two decades there has been an increased interest in modern (extant) forms found as fossils in the surface sediment of the deep sea. Their usefulness as indicators of modern water masses has been demonstrated in the Atlantic, Antarctic and Pacific Oceans. These relationships have been used to interpret down-core changes through time. The past 10 years have seen an increased emphasis on establishing the statistical relationships between the distribution of species (or species groups) and quantitative measures of their environment. These quantitative approaches require a) that there be a large collection of surface sediment samples, and b) that the majority of the species preserved in these sediments are known. Although the requirement for a global coverage of surface sediment samples has been largely met, the requirement for a complete taxonomy of extant radiolarian species has not. Because of the inadequacies of the radiolarian taxonomy, researchers have used in some cases ill-defined and inadequately illustrated, poly-specific and even poly-generic "counting groups" in their
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studies of the relative abundance of assemblages. Such informal groupings can easily blur and confuse the distribution patterns and usually make it impossible for one researcher to duplicate or use the results of another.
Researchers working on the CLIMAP project have found the Radiolaria to be extremely useful indicators of Holocene and Pleistocene conditions; but as described above, these studies have suffered from the lack of a complete and uniform taxonomic guide. The taxonomic guide for Radiolaria presented here is not complete, but it is our first step toward providing a unified description and illustration of quantitatively important, extant Quaternary Radiolaria together with published information on their distributions.
This report was supported by the N.S.F. Offices of Climate Dynamics and International Decade of Ocean Exploration through grant OCE 75-20358-AO1 made to the CLIMAP project at the University of Rhode Island.
We wish to acknowledge the excellent and enthusiastic cooperation of a number of radiolarian colleagues, namely, Richard Benson, Kjell Bjorklund, Robert Goll, James D. Hays, Stanley Kling, Gail Lombari, Jose Lozano, Adolpho Molina-Cruz, Joseph Morely, Maria Petrushevskaya, William Riedel (and his staff), James Robertson and Harvey Sachs. Our thanks also to Donna Mace, Joan Clark, and Beverly Koly for providing such an accurate typescript.
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The primary purpose of this guide is to provide a standard taxonomic usage so that meaningful comparisons may be made between the counts and subsequent statistical analyses of various investigators. In many cases the taxonomy of Modern radiolarian species is well established. However, in some instances there are difficulties owing to misidentification, poor descriptions and or illustrations, or taxonomic problems which may be solved only by extensive investigation of lineages. It is not the purpose of the present paper to solve all these problems, but rather to standardize usage, to upgrade and coordinate descriptions and illustrations and to explain certain taxonomic difficulties.
Since this paper is meant only to be a guide, a conservative approach to taxonomy has been adopted and any changes are documented and explained in detail. Family level taxonomy is primarily that of Riedel (1967) with some emendations by Goll (1968), Foreman (1973) and Petrushevskaya (1975).
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For each of the species included herein the following information is given:
1. Name and author.
2. References to the original description and the most important modern descriptions.
3. Description: most complete description available and additional comments by other authors.
4. Dimensions: most reliable dimensions available (usually from the same source as the description) with notation of any marked variations reported by other authors.
5. Remarks: notes concerning location of a more complete synonymy, other descriptions and taxonomic problems or errors.
6. Recent Distribution: a compilation of distribution data from a number of sources, primarily Riedel (1958), Hays (1965), Benson (1966), Nigrini (1967 , 1968, 1970), Lozano (1974), Molina-Cruz (1975),and Robertson (1975).
7. Photograph or Drawing: usually from the same source as the description with magnifications standardized to x 233 in most cases. Figures are purposely widely spaced to allow for subsequent additions to the guide.
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SUBCLASS Radiolaria Muller 1858
ORDER Polycystina Ehrenberg 1838, emend. Riedel 1967
SUBORDER Spumellaria Ehrenberg 1875
1. FAMILY Collosphaeridae Muller 1858
GENUS Collosphaera Muller 1858
SPECIES Collosphaera tuberosa Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Disolenia Ehrenberg 1860
SPECIES Disolenia quadrata (Ehrenberg), 1872
Disolenia zanguebarica (Ehrenberg), 1872
GENUS Otosphaera Haeckel 1887, emend. Nigrini, 1967
SPECIES Otosphaera auriculata Haeckel, 1887
Otosphaera polymorpha Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Polysolenia Ehrenberg 1872, emend. Nigrini 1967
SPECIES Polysolenia arktios Nigrini, 1970
Polysolenia flammabunda (Haeckel), 1887
Polysolenia lappacea (Haeckel), 1887
Polysolenia murrayana (Haeckel), 1887
Polysolenia spinosa (Haeckel), 1860
GENUS Siphonosphaera Muller 1858
SPECIES Siphonosphaera polysiphonia Haeckel, 1887
2. FAMILY Actinommidae Haeckel 1862, emend. Riedel 1967
GENUS Actinomma Haeckel 1860, emend. Nigrini 1967
SPECIES Actinomma antarcticum (Haeckel), 1887
Actinomma arcadophorum Haeckel, 1887
Actinomma medianum Nigrini, 1967
Actinomma haysi Bjorklund, 1977
Actinomma leptodermum (Jorgensen), 1900
GENUS Anomalacantha Loeblich and Tappan 1961
SPECIES Anomalacantha dentata (Mast), 1910
GENUS Cenosphaera Ehrenberg 1854
SPECIES Cenosphaera coronata Haeckel, 1887
Cenosphaera cristata Haeckel ?, 1887
Cenosphaera spp.
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GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF DESCRIBED SPECIES (cont)
GENUS Hexacontium Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Hexacontium enthacantum Jorgensen, 1899
Hexacontium laevigatum Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Ommatartus Haeckel 1881, emend. Riedel 1971
SPECIES Ommatartus tetrathalamus tetrathalamus (Haeckel), 1887
Ommatartus tetrathalamus coronatus (Haeckel), 1887
GENUS Stylatractus Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Stylatractus spp.
GENUS Axoprunum Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Axoprunum stauraxonium Haeckel, 1887
3. FAMILY Sponguridae Haeckel 1862, emend. Petrushevskaya 1975
GENUS Ommatogramma Ehrenberg 1860
SPECIES Ommatogramma dumitricai Petrushevskaya, 1975
GENUS Spongurus Haeckel 1860
SPECIES Spongurus cf. elliptica (Ehrenberg), 1872
Spongurus pylomaticus Riedel, 1958
Spongurus (?) sp.
GENUS Spongocore Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Spongocore puella Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Styptosphaera Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Styptosphaera (?) spumacea Haeckel, 1887
4. FAMILY Phacodiscidae Haeckel 1881
GENUS Heliodiscus Haeckel 1862, emend. Nigrini 1967
SPECIES Heliodiscus asteriscus Haeckel, 1887
5. FAMILY Spongodiscidae Haeckel 1862, emend. Riedel 1967
GENUS Amphirhopalum Haeckel 1881, emend. Nigrini, 1967
SPECIES Amphirhopalum ypsilon Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Euchitonia Ehrenberg 1860, emend. Nigrini, 1967
SPECIES Euchitonia elegans (Ehrenberg), 1872
Euchitonia furcata Ehrenberg, 1872
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GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF DESCRIBED SPECIES (cont)
GENUS Dictyocoryne Ehrenberg 1860
SPECIES Dictyocoryne profunda Ehrenberg, 1860
Dictyocoryne truncatum (Ehrenberg), 1861
GENUS Hymeniastrum Ehrenberg 1847
SPECIES Hymeniastrum euclidis Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Spongaster Ehrenberg 1860
SPECIES Spongaster tetras tetras Ehrenberg, 1860
Spongaster tetras Ehrenberg irregularis Nigrini, 1967
GENUS Stylodictya Ehrenberg 1847, emend. Kozlova 1972
SPECIES Stylodictya aculeata Jorgensen, 1905
Stylodictya validispina Jorgensen, 1905
GENUS Porodiscus Haeckel 1881, emend. Kozlova 1972
SPECIES Porodiscus sp. A
Porodiscus (?) sp. B
GENUS Stylochlamydium Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Stylochlamydium asteriscus Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Spongopyle Dreyer 1889
SPECIES Spongopyle osculosa Dreyer, 1889
GENUS Spongotrochus Haeckel 1860
SPECIES Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky group, 1908
Spongotrochus (?) venustum (Bailey), 1856
6. FAMILY Pyloniidae Haeckel 1881
GENUS Hexapyle Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Hexaplye spp.
GENUS Octopyle Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Octopyle stenozona Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Tetrapyle Muller 1858
SPECIES Tetrapyle octacantha Muller, 1858
GENUS Prunopyle Dreyer 1889
SPECIES ? Prunopyle antarctica Dreyer, 1889
7. FAMILY Litheliidae Haeckel 1862
GENUS Larcopyle Dreyer 1889
SPECIES Larcopyle butschlii Dreyer, 1889
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GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF DESCRIBED SPECIES (cont)
GENUS Larcospira Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Lithelius Haeckel 1862
SPECIES Lithelius minor Jorgensen, 1889
Lithelius nautiloides Popofsky, 1908
GENUS Pylospira Haeckel 1887
SPECIES ? Pylospira octopyle Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Spirema Haeckel 1881
SPECIES ? Spirema melonia Haeckel, 1887
SUBORDER Nassellaria Ehrenberg 1875
8. FAMILY Plagoniidae Haeckel 1881, emend. Riedel 1967
GENUS Antarctissa Petrushevskaya 1967
SPECIES Antarctissa denticulata (Ehrenberg), 1844
Antarctissa strelkovi Petrushevskaya, 1967
9. FAMILY Trissocyclidae Haeckel 1881, emend. Goll 1968(= Acanthodesmiidae Haeckel 1862 in Riedel, 1971)
GENUS Ceratospyris Ehrenberg 1847
SPECIES Ceratospyris borealis Bailey, 1856
GENUS Giraffospyris Haeckel 1881, emend. Goll 1968
SPECIES Giraffospyris angulata (Haeckel), 1887
GENUS Liriospyris Haeckel 1881, emend. Goll 1968
SPECIES Liriospyris reticulate (Ehrenberg), 1872
GENUS Lophospyris Haeckel 1881, emend. Goll 1977
SPECIES Lophospyris pentagona pentagona (Ehrenberg) emend. Goll, 1977
GENUS Phormospyris Haeckel 1881, emend. Goll 1977
SPECIES Phormospyris stabilis (Goll) antarctica (Haecker) emend. Goll, 1977
Phormospyris stabilis (Goll) scaphipes (Haeckel) emend. Goll, 1977
GENUS Tholospyris Haeckel 1881, emend. Goll 1968
SPECIES Tholospyris procera Goll, 1969
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GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF DESCRIBED SPECIES (cont)
10.FAMILY Carpocaniidae Haeckel 1881, emend. Riedel 1967
GENUS Carpocanistrum Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Carpocanistrum spp.
Carpocanistrum sp. A
GENUS Carpocanarium Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Carpocanarium papillosum (Ehrenberg) group, 1872
11. FAMILY Theoperidae Haeckel 1881, emend. Riedel 1967
GENUS Peripyramis Haeckel 1881, emend. Riedel 1958
SPECIES Peripyramis circumtexta Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Plectopyramis Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Plectopyramis dodecomma Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Dictyophimus Ehrenberg 1847, emend. Nigrini 1968
SPECIES Dictyophimus crisiae Ehrenberg, 1854
Dictyophimus hirundo (Haeckel) group, 1887
Dictyophimus infabricatus Nigrini, 1968
GENUS Pterocanium Ehrenberg 1847
SPECIES Pterocanium korotnevi (Dogiel), 1952
Pterocanium praetextum praetextum (Ehrenberg), 1872
Pterocanium praetextum (Ehrenberg) eucolpum Haeckel, 1887
Pterocanium trilobum (Haeckel), 1860
Pterocanium grandiporus Nigrini, 1968
Pterocanium sp.
GENUS Theocalyptra Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Theocalyptra bicornis (Popofsky), 1908
Theocalyptra davisiana (Ehrenberg), 1861
GENUS Eucyrtidium Ehrenberg 1847, emend. Nigrini 1967
SPECIES Eucyrtidium acuminatum (Ehrenberg), 1844
Eucyrtidium hexagonatum Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Lithocampe Ehrenberg 1838
SPECIES Lithocampe sp.
12.FAMILY Pterocoryidae Haeckel 1881, emend. Riedel 1967
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GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF DESCRIBED SPECIES (cont)
GENUS Anthocyrtidium Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Anthocyrtidium ophirense (Ehrenberg), 1872
Anthocyrtidium zanguebaricum (Ehrenberg), 1872
GENUS Androcyclas Jorgensen 1905
SPECIES Androcyclas gamphonycha (Jorgensen), 1899
GENUS Lamprocyclas Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Lamprocyclas maritalis maritalis Haeckel, 1887
Lamprocyclas maritalis Haeckel polypora Nigrini, 1967
Lamprocyclas maritalis Haeckel ventricosa Nigrini, 1968
GENUS Lamprocyrtis Kling 1973
SPECIES Lamprocyrtis nigriniae (Caulet), 1971
Lamprocyrtis (?) hannai (Campbell and Clark), 1944
GENUS Pterocorys Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Pterocorys hertwigii (Haeckel), 1887
Pterocorys minythorax (Nigrini), 1968
Pterocorys zancleus (Muller), 1858
GENUS Stichopilium Haeckel 1881
SPECIES Stichopilium bicorne Haeckel, 1887
GENUS Theocorythium Haeckel 1887
SPECIES Theocorythium trachelium trachelium (Ehrenberg), 1872
Theocorythium trachelium (Ehrenberg) dianae (Haeckel), 1887
13.FAMILY Artostrobiidae Riedel 1967, emend. Foreman 1973
GENUS Botryostrobus Haeckel 1887, emend. Nigrini, 1977
SPECIES Botryostrobus aquilonaris (Bailey), 1856
Botryostrobus auritus / australis (Ehrenberg) group, 1844
GENUS Phormostichoartus Campbell 1951, emend. Nigrini, 1977
SPECIES Phormostichoartus corbula (Harting), 1863
14.FAMILY Cannobotryidae Haeckel 1881, emend. Riedel 1967
GENUS Botryocyrtis Ehrenberg 1860
SPECIES Botryocyrtis scutum (Harting), 1863
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